sábado, 11 de fevereiro de 2017

A Crise, 1929 e Hoje

Faz 88 anos que eclodiu uma crise financeira e econômica nos EUA. As causas foram exatamente as mesmas que provocaram esta mais recente crise que começou em 2006, deu na vista em 2007 e desde 2008 vem derrubando as economias de vários países pelo mundo inteiro. Foram as leis e as emendas constitucionais que enfraqueceram os EUA antes de depois da Grande Guerra. Políticos motivados pelo altruísmo e pela fé interviram no sentido de tentar melhorar a vida alheia a ponta de armas, e deu no que deu. Apresento a primeira explicação convincente da evolução da crise de 1929. A crise resultou da apreensão pelo futuro, pela percepção de que um bando de fanáticos se apoderou do mecanismo do governo. Na época não existia Partido Libertário em nenhum lugar do mundo, só partidos comunistas, fascistas, religiosos, proibicionistas e saqueadores defensores da economia mista e intervencionista. 

Vejamos, em fascículos,  como os republicanos e democratas chegaram a tal conjuntura no então mais rico país do mundo...

As notas de rodapé podem ser verificadas no seu contexto online no Google News Archives, Chicago Tribune, e no acervo da memoria.bn.br

Capítulo 39
O Misterioso City Trust
            O caso Steinhardt dominou as manchetes de Nova York, apesar de as notícias não conterem nenhuma informação intelegível.  Em primeiro de fevereiro, Frank M. Ferrari, presidente da City Trust Co., faleceu em New York City com a bolsa avançando firme.  O Times malocou a notícia lá na página 27 e poucos perceberam.  Aí chegaram as constrangedoras revelações da Liga das Nações acerca das fabricantes de drogas europeias, o que chamou a atenção a outras notícias tendo a ver com tóxicos, gerando ainda mais notícias.[1]  Nos bastidores, Mabel Willebrandt escreveu um comunicado ao Procurador Geral Mitchell culpando um William A. DeGroot pela “desorganização” no gabinete do Procurador dos Estados Unidos da Divisão Leste de Nova York.[2]
            Enquanto isso, a Reserva Federal divulgara os números para os empréstimos de corretores e – na esteira de um aumento na taxa preferencial do Bank of England – fez soar outra advertência contra a “especulação”.[3]  Ao mesmo tempo acertava-se o desfecho do caso dos Big Four em que os elegantes destiladores de Savannah – já aprisionados por burlar o fisco – foram cobrados $140.000 pelo fisco.[4]  Nos calcanhares desta questão de burlar o fisco veio um parecer na Vara de Responsabilidade Civil Federal que o Intendente da Receita Federal detinha absoluta autoridade para determinar quais estoques as empresas podiam ou não contar ao preencher a declaração de renda.  O Juiz Nicholas Sinnott preparou a opinião, nada asseguradora para os preparadores de declarações de imposto de renda de pessoas jurídicas.[5]   O Conselho da Reserva Federal logo publicou outra ralhada suscitando a possibilidade de ameaça às reservas de ouro do país.[6] 
            No encalço disso veio a emenda Harris pleiteando mais $25 milhões em verba para cobrança das leis proibicionistas.  De 12 de janeiro a 8 de fevereiro, quando estava paralisada em impasse entre a câmara e o senado, a proposta fora o foco de debate contínuo, mordaz e maledicente.[7]  Em 13 de fevereiro a comoção chegou ao plenário da câmara na forma de uma resolução pré-impeachment denunciando o Juiz Federal Winslow, e atravessou a fronteira canadense na forma de uma caçada humana pelo advogado foragido Steinhardt.[8]  A publicidade destes eventos nos EUA e em Genebra vinha acompanhada de turbilhões de liquidações nas bolsas a preços desmoralizados.  Da Bolsa de Valores de Nova York, a bolsa do calçadão e a Bolsa de Philadelphia vieram comunicados de que estariam fechados no sábado, dia 9 de fevereiro.  Nos jornais a discussão da liquidação não tocou no caso da Naarden, na verba para custear a repressão ou nas brigas de foice nos bastidores da dita repressão, e concentrou nas recentes ralhadas do Conselho da Reserva Federal e o aumento dos juros na Inglaterra.  Até mesmo o fechamento foi minimizado como devido a um surto da gripe entre os corretores. [9] 
            Mas a desconfiança em torno da City Trust Company remontava para o dia 8 de janeiro, quando o vice-presidente Frederico Ferrari assinou a declaração negando que o banco teria excesso de empréstimos.  O que os jornais e o público não sabiam é que o Inspetor de Bancos de Nova York, Frank L. Warder, recebeu um suborno de $20.000 para fazer vista grossa para a insolvência da City Trust e não fechar o banco.[10]  A quebra no mercado ocorreu uma semana após a morte de Francesco Ferrari, presidente da City Trust, e quatro dias antes de o Departamento Bancário Estadual fechar suas cinco agências.  Interessante notar que a Convenção de Rádios-telégrafos proclamada em 1º de janeiro trazia a assinatura de um certo Frn. Ferrari obrigando a Sereníssima República de  San Marino a cumprir o tratado.  San Marino – pouco mais de 3 km de largura – situáva-se inteirinha dentro da Itália a pouca distância da fábrica Ferrari de automóveis.  Alguns, impressionado, queriam saber quão importante fora esse tal de Ferrari.[11]  A investigação traria surpresas e dissabores durante mais três anos.  E não se falava mais no dinheiro do Bank of United States que a National City Bank depositara na sua agência em Petrogrado.[12] 
            Espraiavam-e as manifestações anti-inglesas em Bombain, com mais 28 mortos nas notícias de 11 de fevereiro.   Novos tumultos no Afeganistão já inquietavam a Grã-Bretanha.  E as normas recomendadas pelo Comitê Consultivo sobre o Ópio da Liga das Nações eram extremamente impopulares entre os oficiais no poder, porém populares com o proletariado na India Britânica.  O cidadão comum lá, como na China, se sentia explorado pelos monopólios britânicos cobradores da receita do ópio e do sal.  “Santinhos” do Mahatma Gandhi eram vendidos em todas as feiras e bazares da Índia há anos.   O povo usava gorrinhos Gandhi, boicoteando e piquetando as lojas de bebidas para secar as fontes de receita governamental.   Gandhi fora incarcerado por “sedição” em 1922, mas liberado em 1924 após uma apendectomia pelo medo de que eventualmente morresse na prisão.  O Congresso indiano fazia pouco adotara uma resolução pela independência caso reconhecimento como Domínio não ocorresse até o final de 1929.  Com isso a soberania da Grã-Bretanha fora questionada, dando início à contagem regressiva para uma confrontação sobre a hegemonia imperial na India Britânica.  Os jornais ingleses ainda festejavam o caso Naarden da quadrilha de droga, felizes da vida por poder dividir a culpa com os europeus, para variar.  Mas esta publicidade só poderia repercutir mal na Índia – onde o número de fatalidades nos tumultos mais recentes estava em 113 – para não falar na má impressão que daria ao novo governo Hoover.[13] 
            Na comarca de Williamson, Illinois, três figuras de autoridade municipal – o procurador, o médico legista e o chefe da polícia – eram co-reus com o prefeito de Herrin em um julgamento de quadrilha de pinga.  O vereador Titus Haffa de Chicago também vinha sendo julgado como chefão numa conspiração de bebida em que três agentes da repressão estavam implicados.[14]  Havia um ambiente de saia justa em Nova York, onde as autoridades rebolavam para tapar completamente todas e quaisquer “provas chocantes” envolvendo figurões públicos nas quadrilhas de Arnold Rothstein.  Este trabalho – com o grande júri fechando o cerco em volta do juiz Winslow – cujas causas de entorpecentes incluíam o julgamento do Unger e a morte do agente Kerrigan – não era brincadeira.   Em Miami, o procurador Robert Taylor da comarca de Miami questionou Al Capone, que retrucou com indignação:  “Eu nunca na vida fui traficante de bebida.”[15] 

Saiba como a Lei Seca destruiu completamente a economia dos EUA e fortaleceu o partido Nacionalsocialista da Alemanha. Baratinho em formato Kindle no Amazon. Até com celular você dá um jeito...

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[1]  (Taylor 1969  231)
[2]  (Hoover 1929 1974  131-2)
[3]  (WSJ 2/8/29  1) (Lawrence 1929  437)
[4]  (Brown 1984  62, 274)
[5]  (CT 2/6/29  1 Commerce)
[6]  (Lawrence 1929  437)
[7]  (NYT 1/12/29 1:2; 1/13 1:7; 1/14 4:4... 2/8 1:4)
[8]  (NYT 2/13/29  1, 2)
[9]  (WSJ 2/8/29  1)
[10]  (NYT 7/3/29  25) (CT 9/7/29  4)
[11]  (Treaties, Etc. 1938/1968  5031; 5095)
[12]  (NY World Almanac 1930  98, 99) (NYT 5/15/28  36)
[13]  (NYT 1/19/29  3) (Taylor 1969  204-5) (Van Tyne 1923  111, 120)
[14]  (Pasley 1930  206) (CT 2/16/29  5; 2/17/29  25) (NYT 2/16/29  5:5) (Irey and Slocum 1948  22)
[15]  (NYT 2/14/29  1) (CT 2/15/29  3) (Schoenberg 1992  216-217)

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155.Stowe, Harriet Beecher; Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852, 1981 Penguin Books reprint. 
156.Sullivan, Edward; Chicago Surrenders. Lowe and Brydone, Ltd., London, February 1931. 
157.Sullivan, Lawrence; Prelude to Panic, the Story of the 1933 Banking Crisis, Statesman Press, Washington, D.C. 1936.
158.Sullivan, Mark; Our Times Vol IV, The War Begins 1909-1914, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, London, 1932.
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160.Sullivan, Mark; Our Times, The United States 1900-1925, VI The Twenties, Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, London, 1935. 
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166.Terkel, Studs; Hard Times. New York: Pantheon Books, 1970.
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168.Thomas, Gordon & Morgan-Witts, Max; The Day The Bubble Burst, Doubleday & Co., Inc., New York, 1979.
169.Tillitt, Malvern Hall; The Price of Prohibition, Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York, August, 1932. 
170.Time Capsule, 1923; 1925; 1927; 1929; 1932; 1933, Time-Life Books, 1967. 
171.Touhy, Roger; The Stolen Years, Pennington Press, Inc. 1959. 
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